multielectrode_grasp/code/reachgraspio/reachgraspio.py

# coding=utf-8
'''
Reach-to-grasp IO module

This module provides an IO to load data recorded in the context of the reach-
to-grasp experiments conducted by Thomas Brochier and Alexa Riehle at the
Institute de Neurosciences de la Timone. The IO is based on the BlackrockIO of
the Neo library, which is used in the background to load the primary data, and
utilized the odML library to load metadata information. Specifically, this IO
annotates the Neo object returned by BlackrockIO with semantic information,
e.g., interpretation of digital event codes, and key-value pairs found in the
corresponding odML file are attached to relevant Neo objects as annotations.

Authors: Julia Sprenger, Lyuba Zehl, Michael Denker


Copyright (c) 2017, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6),
Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the names of the copyright holders nor the names of the contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
'''

import glob
import os
import re
import warnings

import numpy as np
import odml
import odml.tools
import quantities as pq

import neo
from neo.io.blackrockio import BlackrockIO
from neo.io.proxyobjects import SpikeTrainProxy, AnalogSignalProxy


class ReachGraspIO(BlackrockIO):
    """
    Derived class from Neo's BlackrockIO to load recordings obtained from the
    reach-to-grasp experiments.

    Args:
        filename (string):
            File name (without extension) of the set of Blackrock files to
            associate with. Any .nsX or .nev, .sif, or .ccf extensions are
            ignored when parsing this parameter. Note: unless the parameter
            nev_override is given, this IO will load the nev file containing
            the most recent spike sorted data of all nev files found in the
            same directory as filename. The spike sorting version is attached
            to filename by a postfix '-XX', where XX is the version, e.g.,
            l101010-001-02 for spike sorting version 2 of file l101010-001. If
            an odML file is specified, the version must be listed in the odML
            entries at
            "/PreProcessing/OfflineSpikeSorting/Sortings"
            and relates to the section
            "/PreProcessing/OfflineSpikeSorting/Sorting-XX".
            If no odML is present, no information on the spike sorting (e.g.,
            if a unit is SUA or MUA) is provided by this IO.
        odml_directory (string):
            Alternative directory where the odML file is stored. If None, the
            directory is assumed to be the same as the .nev and .nsX data
            files. Default: None.
        nsx_override (string):
            File name of the .nsX files (without extension). If None,
            filename is used.
            Default: None.
        nev_override (string):
            File name of the .nev file (without extension). If None, the
            current spike-sorted version filename is used (see parameter
            filename above). Default: None.
        nsx_to_load (int, list, 'max', 'all' (=None)) default None:
            IDs of nsX file from which to load data, e.g., if set to
            5 only data from the ns5 file are loaded.
            If 'all', then all nsX will be loaded.
            Contrary to previsous version of the IO  (<0.7), nsx_to_load
            must be set at the init before parse_header().
        sif_override (string): DEPRECATED
            File name of the .sif file (without extension). If None,
            filename is used.
            Default: None.
        ccf_override (string): DEPRECATED
            File name of the .ccf file (without extension). If None,
            filename is used.
            Default: None.
        odml_override (string):
            File name of the .odml file (without extension). If None,
            filename is used.
            Default: None.
        verbose (boolean):
            If True, the class will output additional diagnostic
            information on stdout.
            Default: False

    Returns:
        -

    Attributes:
        condition_str (dict):
            Dictionary containing a list of string codes reflecting the trial
            types that occur in recordings in a certain condition code
            (dictionary keys). For example, for condition 1 (all grip first
            conditions), condition_str[1] contains the list
            ['SGHF', 'SGLF', 'PGHF', 'PGLF'].
            Possible conditions:
               0:[]
                 No trials, or condition not conclusive from file
               4 types (two_cues_task):
                 1: all grip-first trial types with two different cues
                 2: all force-first trial types with two different cues
               2 types (two_cues_task):
                 11: grip-first, but only LF types
                 12: grip-first, but only HF types
                 13: grip-first, but only SG types
                 14: grip-first, but only PG types
               2 types (two_cues_task):
                 21: force-first, but only LF types
                 22: force-first, but only HF types
                 23: force-first, but only SG types
                 24: force-first, but only PG types
               1 type (two_cues_task):
                 131: grip-first, but only SGLF type
                 132: grip-first, but only SGHF type
                 141: grip-first, but only PGLF type
                 142: grip-first, but only PGHF type
                 213: force-first, but only LFSG type
                 214: force-first, but only LFPG type
                 223: force-first, but only HFSG type
                 224: force-first, but only HFPG type
               1 type (one_cue_task):
                 133: SGSG, only grip info, force unknown
                 144: PGPG, only grip info, force unknown
                 211: LFLF, only force info, grip unknown
                 222: HFHF, only force info, grip unknown
        event_labels_str (dict):
            Provides a text label for each digital event code returned as
            events by the parent BlackrockIO. For example,
            event_labels_str['65296'] contains the string 'TS-ON'.
        event_labels_codes (dict):
            Reverse of `event_labels_str`: Provides a list of event codes
            related to a specific text label for a trial event. For example,
            event_labels_codes['TS-ON'] contains the list ['65296']. In
            addition to the detailed codes, for convenience the meta codes
            'CUE/GO', 'RW-ON', and 'SR' summarizing a set of digital events are
            defined for easier access.
        trial_const_sequence_str (dict):
            Dictionary contains the ordering of selected constant trial events
            for correct trials, e.g., as TS is the first trial event in a
            correct trial, trial_const_sequence_codes['TS'] is 0.
        trial_const_sequence_codes (dict):
            Reverse of trial_const_sequence_str: Dictionary contains the
            ordering of selected constant trial events for correct trials,
            e.g., trial_const_sequence_codes[0] is 'TS'.
        performance_str (dict):
            Text strings to help interpret the performance code of a trial. For
            example, correct trials have a performance code of 255, and thus
            performance_str[255] == 'correct_trial'
        performance_codes (dict):
            Reverse of performance_const_sequence_str. Returns the performance
            code of a given text string indicating trial performance. For
            example, performance_str['correct_trial'] == 255
    """

    # Create a dictionary of conditions (i.e., the trial types presented in a
    # given recording session)
    condition_str = {
        0: [],
        1: ['SGHF', 'SGLF', 'PGHF', 'PGLF'],
        2: ['HFSG', 'HFPG', 'LFSG', 'LFPG'],
        11: ['SGLF', 'PGLF'],
        12: ['SGHF', 'PGHF'],
        13: ['SGHF', 'SGLF'],
        14: ['PGHF', 'PGLF'],
        21: ['LFSG', 'LFPG'],
        22: ['HFSG', 'HFPG'],
        23: ['HFSG', 'LFSG'],
        24: ['HFPG', 'LFPG'],
        131: ['SGLF'],
        132: ['SGHF'],
        133: ['SGSG'],
        141: ['PGLF'],
        142: ['PGHF'],
        144: ['PGPG'],
        211: ['LFLF'],
        213: ['LFSG'],
        214: ['LFPG'],
        222: ['HFHF'],
        223: ['HFSG'],
        224: ['HFPG']}

    ###########################################################################
    # event labels, the corresponding first 8 digits of their binary
    # representation and their meaning
    #
    #         R L T T L L L L
    #         w E a r E E E E
    #         P D S S D D D D                                               in
    #         u c w t b t t b                                               mo-
    #                 l r l r                                               nk-
    # label:| ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ | status of devices:    | trial event label:| ey
    # 65280 < 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 > TS-OFF                > TS-OFF/STOP       > L,T
    # 65296 < 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 > TS-ON                 > TS-ON             > all
    # 65312 < 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 > TaSw                  > STOP              > all
    # 65344 < 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 > LEDc       (+TS-OFF)  > WS-ON/CUE-OFF     > L,T
    # 65349 < 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 > LEDc|rt|rb (+TS-OFF)  > PG-ON (CUE/GO-ON) > L,T
    # 65350 < 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 > LEDc|tl|tr (+TS-OFF)  > HF-ON (CUE/GO-ON) > L,T
    # 65353 < 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 > LEDc|bl|br (+TS-OFF)  > LF-ON (CUE/GO-ON) > L,T
    # 65354 < 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 > LEDc|lb|lt (+TS-OFF)  > SG-ON (CUE/GO-ON) > L,T
    # 65359 < 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 > LEDall                > ERROR-FLASH-ON    > L,T
    # 65360 < 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 > LEDc       (+TS-ON)   > WS-ON/CUE-OFF     > N
    # 65365 < 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 > LEDc|rt|rb (+TS-ON)   > PG-ON (CUE/GO-ON) > N
    # 65366 < 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 > LEDc|tl|tr (+TS-ON)   > HF-ON (CUE/GO-ON) > N
    # 65369 < 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 > LEDc|bl|br (+TS-ON)   > LF-ON (CUE/GO-ON) > N
    # 65370 < 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 > LEDc|lb|lt (+TS-ON)   > SG-ON (CUE/GO-ON) > N
    # 65376 < 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 > LEDc+TaSw             > GO-OFF/RW-OFF     > all
    # 65381 < 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 > TaSw (+LEDc|rt|rb)    > SR (+PG)          > all
    # 65382 < 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 > TaSw (+LEDc|tl|tr)    > SR (+HF)          > all
    # 65383 < 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 > TaSw (+LEDc|rt|rb|tl) > SR (+PGHF/HFPG)   >
    # 65385 < 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 > TaSw (+LEDc|bl|br)    > SR (+LF)          > all
    # 65386 < 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 > TaSw (+LEDc|lb|lt)    > SR (+SG)          > all
    # 65387 < 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 > TaSw (+LEDc|lb|lt|br) > SR (+SGLF/LGSG)   >
    # 65389 < 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 > TaSw (+LEDc|rt|rb|bl) > SR (+PGLF/LFPG)   >
    # 65390 < 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 > TaSw (+LEDc|lb|lt|tr) > SR (+SGHF/HFSG)   >
    # 65391 < 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 > LEDall (+TaSw)        > ERROR-FLASH-ON    > L,T
    # 65440 < 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 > RwPu (+TaSw)          > RW-ON (noLEDs)    > N
    # 65504 < 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 > RwPu (+LEDc)          > RW-ON (-CONF)     > L,T
    # 65509 < 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 > RwPu (+LEDcr)         > RW-ON (+CONF-PG)  > all
    # 65510 < 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 > RwPu (+LEDct)         > RW-ON (+CONF-HF)  > N?
    # 65513 < 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 > RwPu (+LEDcb)         > RW-ON (+CONF-LF)  > N?
    # 65514 < 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 > RwPu (+LEDcl)         > RW-ON (+CONF-SG)  > all
    #         ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
    #        label binary code
    #
    # ABBREVIATIONS:
    # c (central), l (left), t (top), b (bottom),  r (right),
    # HF (high force, LEDt), LF (low force, LEDb), SG (side grip, LEDl),
    # PG (precision grip, LEDr), RwPu (reward pump), TaSw (table switch),
    # TS (trial start), SR (switch release), WS (warning signal), RW (reward),
    # L (Lilou), T (Tanya t+a), N (Nikos n+i)
    ###########################################################################

    # Create dictionaries for event labels
    event_labels_str = {
        '65280': 'TS-OFF/STOP',
        '65296': 'TS-ON',
        '65312': 'STOP',
        '65344': 'WS-ON/CUE-OFF',
        '65349': 'PG-ON',
        '65350': 'HF-ON',
        '65353': 'LF-ON',
        '65354': 'SG-ON',
        '65359': 'ERROR-FLASH-ON',
        '65360': 'WS-ON/CUE-OFF',
        '65365': 'PG-ON',
        '65366': 'HF-ON',
        '65369': 'LF-ON',
        '65370': 'SG-ON',
        '65376': 'GO/RW-OFF',
        '65381': 'SR (+PG)',
        '65382': 'SR (+HF)',
        '65383': 'SR (+PGHF/HFPG)',
        '65385': 'SR (+LF)',
        '65386': 'SR (+SG)',
        '65387': 'SR (+SGLF/LFSG)',
        '65389': 'SR (+PGLF/LFPG)',
        '65390': 'SR (+SGHF/HFSG)',
        '65391': 'ERROR-FLASH-ON',
        '65440': 'RW-ON (noLEDs)',
        '65504': 'RW-ON (-CONF)',
        '65509': 'RW-ON (+CONF-PG)',
        '65510': 'RW-ON (+CONF-HF)',
        '65513': 'RW-ON (+CONF-LF)',
        '65514': 'RW-ON (+CONF-SG)'}
    event_labels_codes = dict([(k, []) for k in np.unique(list(event_labels_str.values()))])
    for k in list(event_labels_codes):
        for l, v in event_labels_str.items():
            if v == k:
                event_labels_codes[k].append(l)

    # additional summaries
    event_labels_codes['CUE/GO'] = \
        event_labels_codes['SG-ON'] + \
        event_labels_codes['PG-ON'] + \
        event_labels_codes['LF-ON'] + \
        event_labels_codes['HF-ON']
    event_labels_codes['RW-ON'] = \
        event_labels_codes['RW-ON (+CONF-PG)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['RW-ON (+CONF-HF)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['RW-ON (+CONF-LF)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['RW-ON (+CONF-SG)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['RW-ON (-CONF)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['RW-ON (noLEDs)']
    event_labels_codes['SR'] = \
        event_labels_codes['SR (+PG)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['SR (+HF)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['SR (+LF)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['SR (+SG)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['SR (+PGHF/HFPG)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['SR (+SGHF/HFSG)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['SR (+PGLF/LFPG)'] + \
        event_labels_codes['SR (+SGLF/LFSG)']
    del k, l, v

    # Create dictionaries for constant trial sequences (in all monkeys)
    # (bit position (value) set if trial event (key) occurred)
    trial_const_sequence_codes = {
        'TS-ON': 0,
        'WS-ON': 1,
        'CUE-ON': 2,
        'CUE-OFF': 3,
        'GO-ON': 4,
        'SR': 5,
        'RW-ON': 6,
        'STOP': 7}
    trial_const_sequence_str = dict((v, k) for k, v in trial_const_sequence_codes.items())

    # Create dictionaries for trial performances
    # (resulting decimal number from binary number created from trial_sequence)
    performance_codes = {
        'incomplete_trial': 0,
        'error<SR-ON': 159,
        'error<WS': 161,
        'error<CUE-ON': 163,
        'error<CUE-OFF': 167,
        'error<GO-ON': 175,
        'grip_error': 191,
        'correct_trial': 255}
    performance_str = dict((v, k) for k, v in performance_codes.items())

    def __init__(
            self, filename, odml_directory=None, nsx_to_load=None,
            nsx_override=None, nev_override=None,
            sif_override=None, ccf_override=None, odml_filename=None,
            verbose=False):
        """
        Constructor
        """

        if sif_override is not None:
            warnings.warn('`sif_override is deprecated.')

        if ccf_override is not None:
            warnings.warn('`ccf_override is deprecated.')

        # Remember choice whether to print diagnostic messages or not
        self._verbose = verbose

        # Remove known extensions from input filename
        for ext in self.extensions:
            filename = re.sub(os.path.extsep + ext + '$', '', filename)

        if nev_override:
            # check if sorting postfix is appended to nev_override name
            if nev_override[-3] == '-':
                sorting_postfix = nev_override[-2:]
            else:
                sorting_postfix = None
            sorting_version = nev_override
        else:
            # find most recent spike sorting version
            nev_versions = [re.sub(
                os.path.extsep + 'nev$', '', p) for p in glob.glob(filename + '*.nev')]
            nev_versions = [p.replace(filename, '') for p in nev_versions]
            if len(nev_versions):
                sorting_postfix = sorted(nev_versions)[-1]
            else:
                sorting_postfix = ''
            sorting_version = filename + sorting_postfix

        # Initialize file
        BlackrockIO.__init__(
            self, filename, nsx_to_load=nsx_to_load, nsx_override=nsx_override,
            nev_override=sorting_version, verbose=verbose)

        # if no odML directory is specified, use same directory as main files
        if not odml_directory:
            odml_directory = os.path.dirname(self.filename)
            # remove potential trailing separators
            if odml_directory[-1] == os.path.sep:
                odml_directory = odml_directory[:-1]

        # remove extensions from odml override
        filen = os.path.split(self.filename)[-1]
        if odml_filename:
            # strip potential extension
            odmlname = os.path.splitext(odml_filename)[0]
            self._filenames['odml'] = ''.join([odml_directory, os.path.sep, odmlname])
        else:
            self._filenames['odml'] = ''.join([odml_directory, os.path.sep, filen])

        file2check = ''.join([self._filenames['odml'], os.path.extsep, 'odml'])
        if os.path.exists(file2check):
            self._avail_files['odml'] = True
            self.odmldoc = odml.load(file2check)
        else:
            self._avail_files['odml'] = False
            self.odmldoc = None

        # If we did not specify an explicit sorting version, and there is an
        # odML, then make sure the detected sorting version matches the odML
        if self.odmldoc:
            if sorting_postfix not in self.odmldoc.sections['PreProcessing'].sections[
                'OfflineSpikeSorting'].properties['Sortings'].values:
                warnings.warn(
                    "Attempting to utilize the most recent "
                    "sorting version in file %s, but the sorting version "
                    "specified in odML is %s" % (
                        sorting_version,
                        self.odmldoc.sections['PreProcessing'].sections[
                            'OfflineSpikeSorting'].properties['Sortings'].values))
                self._load_spikesorting_info = False
            else:
                self._load_spikesorting_info = True
        else:
            self._load_spikesorting_info = False

        # extract available neuronal ids
        self.avail_electrode_ids = None
        self.connector_aligned_map = {}
        if self.odmldoc:
            self.avail_electrode_ids = []
            secs = self.odmldoc['UtahArray']['Array'].sections
            for sec in secs:
                if not sec.name.startswith('Electrode_'):
                    continue
                id = sec.properties['ID'].values[0]
                ca_id = sec.properties['ConnectorAlignedID'].values[0]
                self.avail_electrode_ids.append(id)
                self.connector_aligned_map[id] = ca_id

    def __is_set(self, flag, pos):
        """
        Checks if bit is set at the given position for flag. If flag is an
        array, an array will be returned.
        """
        return flag & (1 << pos) > 0

    def __set_bit(self, flag, pos):
        """
        Returns the given flag with an additional bit set at the given
        position. for flag. If flag is an array, an array will be returned.
        """
        return flag | (1 << pos)

    def __add_rejection_to_event(self, event):
        """
        Given an event with annotation trial_id, adds information on whether to
        reject the trial or not.
        """
        if self.odmldoc:
            # Get rejection bands
            sec = self.odmldoc['PreProcessing']
            bands = sec.properties['LFPBands'].values

            for band in bands:
                sec = self.odmldoc['PreProcessing'][band]

                if type(sec.properties['RejTrials'].values) != []:
                    rej_trials = [int(_) for _ in sec.properties['RejTrials'].values]
                    rej_index = np.in1d(event.array_annotations['trial_id'], rej_trials)
                elif sec.properties['RejTrials'].values == []:
                    rej_index = np.zeros((len(event.array_annotations['trial_id'])), dtype=bool)
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Invalid entry %s in odML for rejected trials in LFP  band %s." %
                        (sec.properties['RejTrials'].values, band))
                event.array_annotate(**{str('trial_reject_' + band): list(rej_index)})

    def __extract_task_condition(self, trialtypes):
        """
        Extracts task condition from trialtypes.
        """
        occurring_trtys = np.unique(trialtypes).tolist()

        # reduce occurring_trtys to actual trialtypes
        # (remove all not identifiable trialtypes (incomplete/error trial))
        if 'NONE' in occurring_trtys:
            occurring_trtys.remove('NONE')
        # (remove all trialtypes where only the CUE was detected (error trial))
        if 'SG' in occurring_trtys:
            occurring_trtys.remove('SG')
        if 'PG' in occurring_trtys:
            occurring_trtys.remove('PG')
        if 'LF' in occurring_trtys:
            occurring_trtys.remove('LF')
        if 'HF' in occurring_trtys:
            occurring_trtys.remove('HF')

        # first set to unidentified task condition
        task_condition = 0

        if len(occurring_trtys) > 0:
            for cnd, trtys in self.condition_str.items():
                if set(trtys) == set(occurring_trtys):
                    # replace with detected task condition
                    task_condition = cnd

        return task_condition

    def __extract_analog_events_from_odml(self, t_start, t_stop):

        event_name = []
        event_time = []
        trial_id = []
        trial_timestamp_id = []
        performance_code = []
        trial_type = []

        # Look for all Trial Sections
        sec = self.odmldoc['Recording']['TaskSettings']
        ff = lambda x: x.name.startswith('Trial_')
        tr_secs = sec.itersections(filter_func=ff)
        for trial_sec in tr_secs:
            for signalname in ['GripForceSignals', 'DisplacementSignal']:
                for analog_events in trial_sec['AnalogEvents'][signalname].properties:

                    # skip invalid values
                    if analog_events.values == []:  # this was used as default time
                        continue

                    time = analog_events.values * pq.CompoundUnit(analog_events.unit)
                    time = time.rescale('ms')

                    if time >= t_start and time < t_stop:
                        event_name.append(analog_events.name)
                        event_time.append(time)
                        trial_id.extend(trial_sec.properties['TrialID'].values)
                        trial_timestamp_id.extend(trial_sec.properties['TrialTimestampID'].values)
                        performance_code.extend(trial_sec.properties['PerformanceCode'].values)
                        trial_type.extend(trial_sec.properties['TrialType'].values)

        # Create event object with analog events
        analog_events = neo.Event(
            times=pq.Quantity(event_time, 'ms').flatten(),
            labels=np.array(event_name),
            name='AnalogTrialEvents',
            description='Events extracted from behavioural time series')

        performance_str = []
        for pit in performance_code:
            if pit in self.performance_codes:
                performance_str.append(self.performance_codes[pit])
            else:
                performance_str.append('unknown')

        analog_events.array_annotate(
            trial_id=trial_id,
            trial_timestamp_id=trial_timestamp_id,
            performance_in_trial=performance_code,
            performance_in_trial_str=performance_str,
            belongs_to_trialtype=trial_type,
            trial_event_labels=event_name)

        return analog_events

    def __annotate_dig_trial_events(self, events):
        """
        Modifies events of digital input port to trial events of the
        reach-to-grasp project.
        """
        # Modifiy name and description
        events.name = "DigitalTrialEvents"
        events.description = "Trial " + events.description.lower()

        events_rescaled = events.rescale(pq.CompoundUnit('1/30000*s'))

        # Extract beginning of first complete trial
        tson_label = self.event_labels_codes['TS-ON'][0]
        if tson_label in events_rescaled.labels:
            first_TSon_idx = list(events_rescaled.labels).index(tson_label)
        else:
            first_TSon_idx = len(events_rescaled.labels)
        # Extract end of last complete trial
        stop_label = self.event_labels_codes['STOP'][0]
        if stop_label in events_rescaled.labels:
            last_WSoff_idx = len(events_rescaled.labels) - list(events_rescaled.labels[::-1]).index(stop_label) - 1
        else:
            last_WSoff_idx = -1

        # Annotate events with modified labels, trial ids, and trial types
        trial_event_labels = []
        trial_ID = []
        trial_timestamp_ID = []
        trialtypes = {-1: 'NONE'}
        trialsequence = {-1: 0}
        for i, l in enumerate(events_rescaled.labels):
            if i < first_TSon_idx or i > last_WSoff_idx:
                trial_event_labels.append('NONE')
                trial_ID.append(-1)
                trial_timestamp_ID.append(-1)
            else:
                # interpretation of TS-ON
                if self.event_labels_str[l] == 'TS-ON':
                    if i > 0:
                        prev_ev = events_rescaled.labels[i - 1]
                        if self.event_labels_str[prev_ev] in ['STOP', 'TS-OFF/STOP']:
                            timestamp_id = int(round(events_rescaled.times[i].item()))
                            trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                            trial_event_labels.append('TS-ON')
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                                0, self.trial_const_sequence_codes['TS-ON'])
                        else:
                            timestamp_id = trial_timestamp_ID[-1]
                            trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                            trial_event_labels.append('TS-ON-ERROR')
                    else:
                        timestamp_id = int(events_rescaled.times[i].item())
                        trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                        trial_event_labels.append('TS-ON')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            0, self.trial_const_sequence_codes['TS-ON'])

                    # Identify trial ID if odML exists
                    ID = -1
                    if self.odmldoc:
                        sec = self.odmldoc['Recording']['TaskSettings']
                        ff = lambda x: x.name.startswith('Trial_')
                        tr_secs = sec.itersections(filter_func=ff)
                        for trial_sec in tr_secs:
                            if trial_sec.properties['TrialTimestampID'].values[0] == timestamp_id:
                                ID = trial_sec.properties['TrialID'].values[0]
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                # interpretation of GO/RW-OFF
                elif self.event_labels_str[l] == 'GO/RW-OFF':
                    trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                    trial_event_labels.append('GO/RW-OFF')
                # interpretation of ERROR-FLASH-ON
                elif l in self.event_labels_codes['ERROR-FLASH-ON']:
                    trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                    trial_event_labels.append('ERROR-FLASH-ON')
                    # Error-Flash hides too early activation of SR
                    # SR is set to 1 here to match perf codes between monkeys
                    trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                        self.trial_const_sequence_codes['SR'])
                # TS-OFF/STOP
                elif self.event_labels_str[l] == 'TS-OFF/STOP':
                    trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                    prev_ev = events_rescaled.labels[i - 1]
                    if self.event_labels_str[prev_ev] == 'TS-ON':
                        trial_event_labels.append('TS-OFF')
                    elif prev_ev in self.event_labels_codes['ERROR-FLASH-ON']:
                        trial_event_labels.append('STOP')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                            self.trial_const_sequence_codes['STOP'])
                    else:
                        trial_event_labels.append('STOP')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                            self.trial_const_sequence_codes['STOP'])
                # interpretation of WS-ON/CUE-OFF
                elif self.event_labels_str[l] == 'WS-ON/CUE-OFF':
                    trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                    prev_ev = events_rescaled.labels[i - 1]
                    if self.event_labels_str[prev_ev] in ['TS-ON', 'TS-OFF/STOP']:
                        trial_event_labels.append('WS-ON')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                            self.trial_const_sequence_codes['WS-ON'])
                    elif (prev_ev in self.event_labels_codes['CUE/GO'] or
                          prev_ev in self.event_labels_codes['GO/RW-OFF']):
                        trial_event_labels.append('CUE-OFF')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                            self.trial_const_sequence_codes['CUE-OFF'])
                    else:
                        raise ValueError("Unknown trial event sequence.")
                # interpretation of CUE and GO events and trialtype detection
                elif l in self.event_labels_codes['CUE/GO']:
                    trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                    prprev_ev = events_rescaled.labels[i - 2]
                    if self.event_labels_str[prprev_ev] in ['TS-ON', 'TS-OFF/STOP']:
                        trial_event_labels.append('CUE-ON')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                            self.trial_const_sequence_codes['CUE-ON'])
                        trialtypes[timestamp_id] = self.event_labels_str[l][:2]
                    elif prprev_ev in self.event_labels_codes['CUE/GO']:
                        trial_event_labels.append('GO-ON')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                            self.trial_const_sequence_codes['GO-ON'])
                        trialtypes[timestamp_id] += self.event_labels_str[l][:2]
                    else:
                        raise ValueError("Unknown trial event sequence.")
                # interpretation of WS-OFF
                elif self.event_labels_str[l] == 'STOP':
                    trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                    prev_ev = self.event_labels_str[events_rescaled.labels[i - 1]]
                    if prev_ev == 'ERROR-FLASH-ON':
                        trial_event_labels.append('ERROR-FLASH-OFF')
                    else:
                        trial_event_labels.append('STOP')
                    trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                        self.trial_const_sequence_codes['STOP'])
                # interpretation of SR events
                elif l in self.event_labels_codes['SR']:
                    trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                    prev_ev = events_rescaled.labels[i - 1]
                    if prev_ev in self.event_labels_codes['SR']:
                        trial_event_labels.append('SR-REP')
                    elif prev_ev in self.event_labels_codes['RW-ON']:
                        trial_event_labels.append('RW-OFF')
                    else:
                        trial_event_labels.append('SR')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                            self.trial_const_sequence_codes['SR'])
                # interpretation of RW events_rescaled
                elif l in self.event_labels_codes['RW-ON']:
                    trial_timestamp_ID.append(timestamp_id)
                    trial_ID.append(ID)
                    prev_ev = events_rescaled.labels[i - 1]
                    if prev_ev in self.event_labels_codes['RW-ON']:
                        trial_event_labels.append('RW-ON-REP')
                    else:
                        trial_event_labels.append('RW-ON')
                        trialsequence[timestamp_id] = self.__set_bit(
                            trialsequence[timestamp_id],
                            self.trial_const_sequence_codes['RW-ON'])
                else:
                    raise ValueError("Unknown event label.")

        # add modified trial_event_labels to annotations
        events.array_annotate(trial_event_labels=trial_event_labels)

        # add trial timestamp IDs
        events.array_annotate(trial_timestamp_id=trial_timestamp_ID)

        # add trial IDs
        events.array_annotate(trial_id=trial_ID)

        # add modified belongs_to_trialtype to annotations
        for tid in trial_timestamp_ID:
            if tid not in list(trialtypes):
                trialtypes[tid] = 'NONE'
        belongs_to_trialtype = [trialtypes[tid] for tid in trial_timestamp_ID]
        events.array_annotate(belongs_to_trialtype=belongs_to_trialtype)

        # add modified trial_performance_codes to annotations
        performance_in_trial = [trialsequence[tid] for tid in trial_timestamp_ID]
        performance_in_trial_str = []
        for pit in performance_in_trial:
            if pit in self.performance_str:
                performance_in_trial_str.append(self.performance_str[pit])
            else:
                performance_in_trial_str.append('unknown')
        events.array_annotate(performance_in_trial=performance_in_trial)
        events.array_annotate(performance_in_trial_str=performance_in_trial_str)

    def __create_unit_groups(self, block, view_dict=None):
        unit_dict = {}
        for seg in block.segments:
            for st in seg.spiketrains:
                chid = str(st.annotations['channel_id'])
                unit_id = st.annotations['unit_id']
                if chid not in unit_dict:
                    unit_dict[chid] = {}
                if unit_id not in unit_dict[chid]:
                    group = neo.Group(name='UnitGroup-ch{}#{}'.format(chid, unit_id),
                                      description='Group for neuronal data related to unit {} on '
                                                  'channel {}'.format(unit_id, chid),
                                      group_type='unit',
                                      allowed_types=[neo.SpikeTrain, SpikeTrainProxy,
                                                     neo.AnalogSignal, AnalogSignalProxy,
                                                     neo.ChannelView],
                                      channel_id=chid,
                                      unit_id=unit_id)
                    block.groups.append(group)
                    unit_dict[chid][unit_id] = group

                unit_dict[chid][unit_id].add(st)

                # create a consistent name and description for the spike train
                st.name = 'SpikeTrain-ch{}#{}'.format(chid, unit_id)
                st.description = 'SpikeTrain of unit {} on channel {}'.format(unit_id, chid)

        # if views are already created, link them to unit groups
        if view_dict:
            for chid, channel_dict in unit_dict.items():
                if chid in view_dict:
                    for unit_id, group in channel_dict.items():
                        group.add(view_dict[chid])

    def __create_channel_views(self, block):
        view_dict = {}
        for seg in block.segments:
            for anasig in seg.analogsignals:
                for chidx, chid in enumerate(anasig.array_annotations['channel_ids']):
                    if chid not in view_dict:
                        view = neo.ChannelView(anasig, [chidx],
                                               name='Channel {} of {}'.format(chid, anasig.name),
                                               channel_id=chid)
                        view_dict[chid] = view

        return view_dict

    def __annotate_units_with_odml(self, groups):
        """
        Annotates units with metadata from odml file.
        """
        units = [g for g in groups if
                 'group_type' in g.annotations and g.annotations['group_type'] == 'unit']
        if not self._load_spikesorting_info:
            return

        for un in units:
            an_dict = dict(
                sua=False,
                mua=False,
                noise=False)

            try:
                sec = self.odmldoc['UtahArray']['Array'][
                    'Electrode_%03d' % int(un.annotations['channel_id'])][
                    'OfflineSpikeSorting']
            except KeyError:
                return

            suaids = sec.properties['SUAIDs'].values
            if sec.properties['MUAID'].values:
                muaid = sec.properties['MUAID'].values[0]
            else:
                muaid = None
            noiseids = sec.properties['NoiseIDs'].values

            if un.annotations['unit_id'] in suaids:
                an_dict['sua'] = True
            elif un.annotations['unit_id'] in noiseids:
                an_dict['noise'] = True
            elif un.annotations['unit_id'] == muaid:
                an_dict['mua'] = True
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Unit %i is not registered for channel %i in odML file."
                    % (un.annotations['unit_id'],
                       un.annotations['channel_id']))

            if ('Unit_%02i' % un.annotations['unit_id']) in sec.sections:
                unit_sec = sec['Unit_%02i' % un.annotations['unit_id']]
                if an_dict['sua']:
                    an_dict['SNR'] = unit_sec.properties['SNR'].values[0]

                    # TODO: Add units here
                    an_dict['spike_duration'] = unit_sec.properties['SpikeDuration'].values[0]
                    an_dict['spike_amplitude'] = unit_sec.properties['SpikeAmplitude'].values[0]
                    an_dict['spike_count'] = unit_sec.properties['SpikeCount'].values[0]

            # Annotate Unit and all children for convenience
            un.annotate(**an_dict)
            for st in un.spiketrains:
                st.annotate(**an_dict)

    def __annotate_analogsignals_with_odml(self, asig):
        """
        Annotates analogsignals with metadata from odml file.
        """

        if self.odmldoc:
            chids = np.asarray(asig.array_annotations['channel_ids'], dtype=int)
            neural_chids = [chid in self.avail_electrode_ids for chid in chids]

            if not any(neural_chids):
                asig.annotate(neural_signal=False)
                asig.name = "BehaviourTimeSeries"
                asig.description = "Continuous behavioural time series recorded in the experiment, including " \
                                    "object displacements and measurements of the gripforce sensors"
            elif all(neural_chids):
                asig.annotate(neural_signal=True)

                # Annotate filter settings from odML
                nchan = asig.shape[-1]
                if 'nsx' in asig.annotations:
                    nsx = asig.annotations['nsx']
                else:
                    nsx = asig.array_annotations['nsx'][0]
                filter = 'Filter_ns%i' % nsx
                sec = self.odmldoc['Cerebus']['NeuralSignalProcessor']['NeuralSignals'][filter]
                props = sec.properties
                hi_pass_freq = np.full((nchan), pq.Quantity(props['HighPassFreq'].values[0],
                                                            props['HighPassFreq'].unit))
                lo_pass_freq = np.full((nchan), pq.Quantity(props['LowPassFreq'].values[0],
                                                            props['LowPassFreq'].unit))
                hi_pass_order = np.zeros_like(hi_pass_freq)
                lo_pass_order = np.zeros_like(lo_pass_freq)
                filter_type = np.empty((nchan), str)
                for chidx in range(nchan):
                    filter = 'Filter_ns%i' % nsx
                    sec = self.odmldoc['Cerebus']['NeuralSignalProcessor']['NeuralSignals'][filter]
                    hi_pass_freq[chidx] = pq.Quantity(
                        sec.properties['HighPassFreq'].values[0],
                        sec.properties['HighPassFreq'].unit)
                    lo_pass_freq[chidx] = pq.Quantity(
                        sec.properties['LowPassFreq'].values[0],
                        sec.properties['LowPassFreq'].unit)
                    hi_pass_order[chidx] = sec.properties['HighPassOrder'].values[0]
                    lo_pass_order[chidx] = sec.properties['LowPassOrder'].values[0]
                    filter_type[chidx] = sec.properties['Type'].values[0]

                asig.array_annotations.update(dict(
                    hi_pass_freq=hi_pass_freq,
                    lo_pass_freq=lo_pass_freq,
                    hi_pass_order=hi_pass_order,
                    lo_pass_order=lo_pass_order,
                    filter_type=filter_type
                ))

                if asig.sampling_rate == pq.Quantity(30000 * pq.Hz):
                    asig.name = "NeuralTimeSeriesRaw"
                    asig.description = "Continuous raw neuronal recordings sampled at high resolution"
                if asig.sampling_rate == pq.Quantity(1000 * pq.Hz):
                    asig.name = "NeuralTimeSeriesDownsampled"
                    asig.description = "Downsampled continuous neuronal recordings, where the downsampling was " \
                                       "performed on-line by the recording system"

                self.__annotate_electrode_rejections(asig)

    def __annotate_electrode_rejections(self, obj):
        # Get rejection bands
        sec = self.odmldoc['PreProcessing']
        bands = sec.properties['LFPBands'].values

        if hasattr(bands, '__iter__'):
            for band in bands:
                sec = self.odmldoc['PreProcessing'][band]
                rej_els = np.asarray(sec.properties['RejElectrodes'].values, dtype=int)

                if 'channel_id' in obj.annotations:
                    rejection_value = bool(obj.annotations['channel_id'] in rej_els)
                    obj.annotations['electrode_reject_' + band] = rejection_value
                elif hasattr(obj, 'array_annotations') and 'channel_ids' in obj.array_annotations:
                    rej = np.isin(obj.array_annotations['channel_ids'], rej_els)
                    obj.array_annotations.update({str('electrode_reject_' + band): rej})
                else:
                    warnings.warn(
                        'Could not annotate {} with electrode rejection information.'.format(obj))

    def __convert_chids_and_coordinates(self, channel_ids):
        nchan = len(channel_ids)
        ca_ids = np.full(nchan, fill_value=None)
        # use negative infinity for invalid coordinates as None is incompatible with pq.mm
        coordinates_x = np.full(nchan, fill_value=-np.inf) * pq.mm
        coordinates_y = np.full(nchan, fill_value=-np.inf) * pq.mm

        for i, channel_id in enumerate(channel_ids):
            if channel_id not in self.connector_aligned_map:
                continue
            ca_ids[i] = self.connector_aligned_map[channel_id]
            coordinates_x[i] = np.mod(ca_ids[i] - 1, 10) * 0.4 * pq.mm
            coordinates_y[i] = int((ca_ids[i] - 1) / 10) * 0.4 * pq.mm

        return ca_ids, coordinates_x, coordinates_y

    def __annotate_channel_infos(self, block):
        if self.odmldoc:

            # updating array annotations of neuronal analogsignals
            for seg in block.segments:
                for obj in seg.analogsignals:
                    if 'neural_signal' in obj.annotations and obj.annotations[
                       'neural_signal'] and 'channel_ids' in obj.array_annotations:
                        chids = np.asarray(obj.array_annotations['channel_ids'], dtype=int)
                        ca_ids, *coordinates = self.__convert_chids_and_coordinates(chids)
                        obj.array_annotations.update(dict(connector_aligned_ids=ca_ids,
                                                          coordinates_x=coordinates[0],
                                                          coordinates_y=coordinates[1]))

            # updating annotations of groups and spiketrains
            sts = []
            for seg in block.segments:
                sts.extend(seg.spiketrains)

            # use same dtypes for annotations and array_annotations
            for st in sts:
                st.annotations['channel_id'] = str(st.annotations['channel_id'])

            for obj in sts + block.groups:
                if 'channel_id' in obj.annotations:
                    # use same dtype for annotations as array_annotations
                    obj.annotations['channel_id'] = str(obj.annotations['channel_id'])
                    chid = obj.annotations['channel_id']
                    ca_id, *coordinates = self.__convert_chids_and_coordinates([chid])
                    obj.annotate(connector_aligned_id=ca_id[0],
                                 coordinate_x=coordinates[0][0],
                                 coordinate_y=coordinates[1][0])

    def __annotate_block_with_odml(self, bl):
        """
        Annotates block with metadata from odml file.
        """
        sec = self.odmldoc['Project']
        bl.annotate(
            project_name=sec.properties['Name'].values,
            project_type=sec.properties['Type'].values,
            project_subtype=sec.properties['Subtype'].values)

        sec = self.odmldoc['Project']['TaskDesigns']
        bl.annotate(taskdesigns=[v for v in sec.properties['UsedDesign'].values])

        sec = self.odmldoc['Subject']
        bl.annotate(
            subject_name=sec.properties['GivenName'].values,
            subject_gender=sec.properties['Gender'].values,
            subject_activehand=sec.properties['ActiveHand'].values,
            subject_birthday=str(
                sec.properties['Birthday'].values))  # datetime is not a valid annotation dtype

        sec = self.odmldoc['Setup']
        bl.annotate(setup_location=sec.properties['Location'].values)

        sec = self.odmldoc['UtahArray']
        bl.annotate(array_serialnum=sec.properties['SerialNo'].values)

        sec = self.odmldoc['UtahArray']['Connector']
        bl.annotate(connector_type=sec.properties['Style'].values)

        sec = self.odmldoc['UtahArray']['Array']
        bl.annotate(arraygrids_tot_num=sec.properties['GridCount'].values)

        sec = self.odmldoc['UtahArray']['Array']['Grid_01']
        bl.annotate(
            electrodes_tot_num=sec.properties['ElectrodeCount'].values,
            electrodes_pitch=pq.Quantity(
                sec.properties['ElectrodePitch'].values,
                units=sec.properties['ElectrodePitch'].unit),
            arraygrid_row_num=sec.properties['GridRows'].values,
            arraygrid_col_num=sec.properties['GridColumns'].values)

        bl.annotate(avail_electrode_ids=self.avail_electrode_ids)

    def __correct_filter_shifts(self, asig):
        if self.odmldoc and asig.annotations['neural_signal']:
            # assert all signals are originating from same nsx file
            if 'nsx' in asig.array_annotations and \
                    len(np.unique(asig.array_annotations['nsx'])) > 1:
                raise ValueError('Multiple nsx file origins (%s) in single AnalogSignal'
                                 ''.format(asig.array_annotations['nsx']))

            if 'nsx' in asig.annotations:
                nsx = asig.annotations['nsx']
            else:
                nsx = asig.array_annotations['nsx'][0]

            # Get and correct for shifts
            filter_name = 'Filter_ns%i' % nsx  # use nsx of 1st signal
            sec = self.odmldoc['Cerebus']['NeuralSignalProcessor']['NeuralSignals'][filter_name]
            shift = pq.Quantity(
                sec.properties['EstimatedShift'].values[0],
                sec.properties['EstimatedShift'].unit)
            asig.t_start = asig.t_start - shift
            # Annotate shift
            asig.annotate(filter_shift_correction=shift)

    def __merge_digital_analog_events(self, events):
        """
        Merge the two event arrays AnalogTrialEvents and DigitalTrialEvents
        into one common event array TrialEvents.
        """
        event_name = []
        event_time = None
        trial_id = []
        trial_timestamp_id = []
        performance_code = []
        performance_str = []
        trial_type = []

        for event in events:
            if event.name in ['AnalogTrialEvents', 'DigitalTrialEvents']:
                # Extract event times
                if event_time is None:
                    event_time = event.times.magnitude.flatten()
                    event_units = event.times.units
                else:
                    event_time = np.concatenate((
                        event_time,
                        event.times.rescale(event_units).magnitude.flatten()))

                # Transfer annotations
                trial_id.extend(
                    event.array_annotations['trial_id'])
                trial_timestamp_id.extend(
                    event.array_annotations['trial_timestamp_id'])
                performance_code.extend(
                    event.array_annotations['performance_in_trial'])
                performance_str.extend(
                    event.array_annotations['performance_in_trial_str'])
                trial_type.extend(
                    event.array_annotations['belongs_to_trialtype'])
                event_name.extend(
                    event.array_annotations['trial_event_labels'])

        # Sort time stamps and save sort order
        sort_idx = np.argsort(event_time)
        event_time = event_time[sort_idx]

        # Create event object with analog events
        merged_event = neo.Event(
            times=pq.Quantity(event_time, units=event_units),
            labels=np.array([event_name[_] for _ in sort_idx]),
            name='TrialEvents',
            description='All trial events (digital and analog)')

        merged_event.array_annotate(
            trial_id=[trial_id[_] for _ in sort_idx],
            trial_timestamp_id=[trial_timestamp_id[_] for _ in sort_idx],
            performance_in_trial=[performance_code[_] for _ in sort_idx],
            performance_in_trial_str=[performance_str[_] for _ in sort_idx],
            belongs_to_trialtype=[trial_type[_] for _ in sort_idx],
            trial_event_labels=[event_name[_] for _ in sort_idx])

        return merged_event

    def read_block(
            self, index=None, block_index=0, name=None, description=None, nsx_to_load='none',
            n_starts=None, n_stops=None, channels=range(1, 97), units='none',
            load_waveforms=False, load_events=False, scaling='raw',
            correct_filter_shifts=True, lazy=False, cascade=True, **kwargs):
        """
        Reads file contents as a Neo Block.

        The Block contains one Segment for each entry in zip(n_starts,
        n_stops). If these parameters are not specified, the default is
        to store all data in one Segment.

        The Block contains one ChannelIndex per channel.

        Args:
            index (None, int): DEPRECATED
                If not None, index of block is set to user input.
            block_index (int):
                Index of block to load.
            name (None, str):
                If None, name is set to default, otherwise it is set to user
                input.
            description (None, str):
                If None, description is set to default, otherwise it is set to
                user input.
            nsx_to_load (int, list, str): DEPRECATED
                ID(s) of nsx file(s) from which to load data, e.g., if set to
                5 only data from the ns5 file are loaded. If 'none' or empty
                list, no nsx files and therefore no analog signals are loaded.
                If 'all', data from all available nsx are loaded.
            n_starts (None, Quantity, list): DEPRECATED
                Start times for data in each segment. Number of entries must be
                equal to length of n_stops. If None, intrinsic recording start
                times of files set are used.
            n_stops (None, Quantity, list): DEPRECATED
                Stop times for data in each segment. Number of entries must be
                equal to length of n_starts. If None, intrinsic recording stop
                times of files set are used.
            channels (int, list, str): DEPRECATED
                Channel id(s) from which to load data. If 'none' or empty list,
                no channels and therefore no analog signal or spiketrains are
                loaded. If 'all', all available channels are loaded. By
                default, all neural channels (1-96) are loaded.
            units (int, list, str, dict): DEPRECATED
                ID(s) of unit(s) to load. If 'none' or empty list, no units and
                therefore no spiketrains are loaded. If 'all', all available
                units are loaded. If dict, the above can be specified
                individually for each channel (keys), e.g. {1: 5, 2: 'all'}
                loads unit 5 from channel 1 and all units from channel 2.
            load_waveforms (boolean):
                 Control SpikeTrains.waveforms is None or not.
                 Default: False
            load_events (boolean): DEPRECATED
                If True, all recorded events are loaded.
            scaling (str): DEPRECATED
                Determines whether time series of individual
                electrodes/channels are returned as AnalogSignals containing
                raw integer samples ('raw'), or scaled to arrays of floats
                representing voltage ('voltage'). Note that for file
                specification 2.1 and lower, the option 'voltage' requires a
                nev file to be present.
            correct_filter_shifts (bool):
                If True, shifts of the online-filtered neural signals (e.g.,
                ns2, channels 1-128) are corrected by time-shifting the signal
                by a heuristically determined estimate stored in the metadata,
                in the property EstimatedShift, under the path
                /Cerebus/NeuralSignalProcessor/NeuralSignals/Filter_nsX/
            lazy (bool):
                If True, only the shape of the data is loaded.
            cascade (bool or "lazy"): DEPRECATED
                If True, only the block without children is returned.
            kwargs:
                Additional keyword arguments are forwarded to the BlackrockIO.

        Returns:
            Block (neo.segment.Block):
                Block linking to all loaded Neo objects.

                Block annotations:
                    avail_file_set (list of str):
                        List of file extensions of the files found to be
                        associated to the project, and which are used in
                        loading the data, e.g., ccf, odml, nev, ns2,...
                    avail_nsx (list of int):
                        List of integers specifying the .nsX files available,
                        e.g., [2, 5] indicates that an ns2 and and ns5 file are
                        available.
                    avail_nev (bool):
                        True if a .nev file is available.
                    avail_ccf (bool):
                        True if a .ccf file is available.
                    avail_sif (bool):
                        True if a .sif file is available.
                    nb_segments (int):
                        Number of segments created after merging recording
                        times specified by user with the intrinsic ones of the
                        file set.
                    project_name (str):
                        Identifier for the project/experiment.
                    project_type (str):
                        Identifier for the type of project/experiment.
                    project_subtype (str):
                        Identifier of the subtype of the project/experiment.
                    taskdesigns (list of str):
                        List of strings identifying the task designed presented
                        during the recording. The standard task reach-to-grasp
                        is denoted by the string "TwoCues".
                    conditions (list of int):
                        List of condition codes (each code describing the set
                        of trial types presented to the subject during a
                        segment of the recording) present during the recording.
                        For a mapping of condition codes to trial types, see
                        the condition_str attribute of the ReachGraspIO class
                        or corresponding Block annotations.
                    subject_name (str):
                        Name of the recorded subject.
                    subject_gender (bool):
                        'male' or 'female'.
                    subject_birthday (datetime):
                        Birthday of the recorded subject.
                    subject_activehand (str):
                        Handedness of the subject.
                    setup_location (str):
                        Physical location of the recording setup.
                    avail_electrode_ids (list of int):
                        List of length 100 of electrode channel IDs (Blackrock
                        IDs) ordered corresponding to the connector-aligned
                        linear electrode IDs. The connector-aligned IDs start
                        at 1 in the bottom left corner, and increase from left
                        to right, and from bottom to top assuming the array is
                        placed in front of the observer pins facing down,
                        connector extruding to the right:

                        91 92 ... 99 100  \
                        81 82 ... 89  90   \
                        ...          ...    --- Connector Wires
                        11 12 ... 19  20   /
                         1  2 ...  9  10  /

                        Thus,
                           avail_electrode_ids[k-1]
                        is the Blackrock channel ID corresponding to connector-
                        aligned ID k. Unconnected/unavailable channels are
                        marked by -1.
                    arraygrids_tot_num (int):
                        Number of Utah arrays (not necessarily all connected).
                    electrodes_tot_num (int):
                        Number of electrodes of the Utah array (not necessarily
                        all connected).
                    electrodes_pitch (float):
                        Distance in micrometers between neighboring electrodes
                        in one row/column.
                    array_serial_num (str):
                        Serial number of the recording array.
                    array_grid_col_num, array_grid_row_num (int):
                        Number of columns / rows of the array.
                    connector_type (str):
                        Type of connector used for recording.
                    rec_pauses (bool):
                        True if the session contains a recording pause (i.e.,
                        multiple segments).
                    event_labels_str (dict):
                        Provides a text label for each digital event code returned as
                        events by the parent BlackrockIO. For example,
                        event_labels_str['65296'] contains the string 'TS-ON'.
                    event_labels_codes (dict):
                        Reverse of `event_labels_str`: Provides a list of event codes
                        related to a specific text label for a trial event. For example,
                        event_labels_codes['TS-ON'] contains the list ['65296']. In
                        addition to the detailed codes, for convenience the meta codes
                        'CUE/GO', 'RW-ON', and 'SR' summarizing a set of digital events are
                        defined for easier access.
                    trial_const_sequence_str (dict):
                        Dictionary contains the ordering of selected constant trial events
                        for correct trials, e.g., as TS is the first trial event in a
                        correct trial, trial_const_sequence_codes['TS'] is 0.
                    trial_const_sequence_codes (dict):
                        Reverse of trial_const_sequence_str: Dictionary contains the
                        ordering of selected constant trial events for correct trials,
                        e.g., trial_const_sequence_codes[0] is 'TS'.
                    performance_str (dict):
                        Text strings to help interpret the performance code of a trial. For
                        example, correct trials have a performance code of 255, and thus
                        performance_str[255] == 'correct_trial'
                    performance_codes (dict):
                        Reverse of performance_const_sequence_str. Returns the performance
                        code of a given text string indicating trial performance. For
                        example, performance_str['correct_trial'] == 255

                Segment annotations:
                    condition (int):
                        Condition code (describing the set of trial types
                        presented to the subject) of this segment. For a
                        mapping of condition codes to trial types, see the
                        condition_str attribute of the ReachGraspIO class
                        or corresponding Block annotations.

                ChannelIndex annotations:
                    connector_aligned_id (int):
                        Connector-aligned channel ID from which the spikes were
                        loaded. This is a channel ID between 1 and 100 that is
                        related to the location of an electrode on the Utah
                        array and thus common across different arrays
                        (independent of the Blackrock channel ID). The ID
                        considers a top-view of the array with the connector
                        wires extruding to the right. Electrodes are then
                        numbered from bottom left to top right:

                        91 92 ... 99 100  \
                        81 82 ... 89  90   \
                        ...          ...    --- Connector Wires
                        11 12 ... 19  20   /
                         1  2 ...  9  10  /

                        Note: The Blackrock IDs are given in the 'channel_ids'
                        property of the ChannelIndex object.
                    waveform_size (Quantitiy):
                        Length of time used to save spike waveforms (in units
                        of 1/30000 s).
                    nev_hi_freq_corner (Quantitiy),
                    nev_lo_freq_corner (Quantitiy),
                    nev_hi_freq_order (int), nev_lo_freq_order (int),
                    nev_hi_freq_type (str), nev_lo_freq_type (str),
                    nev_hi_threshold, nev_lo_threshold,
                    nev_energy_threshold (Quantity):
                        Indicates parameters of spike detection.
                    nev_dig_factor (int):
                        Digitization factor in microvolts of the nev file, used
                        to convert raw samples to volt.
                    connector_ID, connector_pinID (int):
                        ID of connector and pin on the connector where the
                        channel was recorded from.
                    nb_sorted_units (int):
                        Number of sorted units on this channel (noise, mua and
                        sua).
                    electrode_reject_XXX (bool):
                        For different filter ranges XXX (as defined in the odML
                        file), if this variable is True it indicates whether
                        the spikes were recorded on an electrode that should be
                        rejected based on preprocessing analysis for removing
                        electrodes due to noise/artefacts in the respective
                        frequency range.

                Unit annotations:
                    coordinates (Quantity):
                        Contains the x and y coordinate of the electrode in mm
                        (spacing: 0.4mm). The coordinates use the same
                        representation as the connector_aligned_id with the
                        origin located at the bottom left electrode. Thus,
                        e.g., connector aligned ID 14 is at coordinates:
                            (1.2 mm, 0.4 mm)
                    unit_id (int):
                        ID of the unit.
                    channel_id (int):
                        Channel ID (Blackrock ID) from which the unit was
                        loaded (equiv. to the single list entry in the
                        attribute channel_ids of ChannelIndex parent).
                    connector_aligned_id (int):
                        Connector-aligned channel ID from which the unit was
                        loaded. This is a channel ID between 1 and 100 that is
                        related to the location of an electrode on the Utah
                        array and thus common across different arrays
                        (independent of the Blackrock channel ID). The ID
                        considers a top-view of the array with the connector
                        wires extruding to the right. Electrodes are then
                        numbered from bottom left to top right:

                        91 92 ... 99 100  \
                        81 82 ... 89  90   \
                        ...          ...    --- Connector Wires
                        11 12 ... 19  20   /
                         1  2 ...  9  10  /

                    electrode_reject_XXX (bool):
                        For different filter ranges XXX (as defined in the odML
                        file), if this variable is True it indicates whether
                        the spikes were recorded on an electrode that should be
                        rejected based on preprocessing analysis for removing
                        electrodes due to noise/artefacts in the respective
                        frequency range.
                    noise, mua, sua (bool):
                        True, if the unit is classified as a noise unit, i.e.,
                        not considered neural activity (noise), a multi-unit
                        (mua), or a single unit (sua).
                    SNR (float):
                        Signal to noise ratio of SUA/MUA waveforms. A higher
                        value indicates that the unit could be better
                        distinguished in the spike detection and spike sorting
                        procedure.
                    spike_duration (float):
                        Approximate duration of the spikes of SUAs/MUAs in
                        microseconds.
                    spike_amplitude (float):
                        Maximum amplitude of the spike waveform.
                    spike_count (int):
                        Number of spikes sorted into this unit.

                AnalogSignal annotations:
                    nsx (int):
                        nsX file the signal was loaded from, e.g., 5 indicates
                        the .ns5 file.
                    channel_id (int):
                        Channel ID (Blackrock ID) from which the signal was
                        loaded.
                    connector_aligned_id (int):
                        Connector-aligned channel ID from which the signal was
                        loaded. This is a channel ID between 1 and 100 that is
                        related to the location of an electrode on the Utah
                        array and thus common across different arrays
                        (independent of the Blackrock channel ID). The ID
                        considers a top-view of the array with the connector
                        wires extruding to the right. Electrodes are then
                        numbered from bottom left to top right:

                        91 92 ... 99 100  \
                        81 82 ... 89  90   \
                        ...          ...    --- Connector Wires
                        11 12 ... 19  20   /
                         1  2 ...  9  10  /

                    electrode_reject_XXX (bool):
                        For different filter ranges XXX (as defined in the odML
                        file), if this variable is True it indicates whether
                        the spikes were recorded on an electrode that should be
                        rejected based on preprocessing analysis for removing
                        electrodes due to noise/artefacts in the respective
                        frequency range.
                    filter_shift_correction (Quantity):
                        If the parameter correct_filter_shift is True, and a
                        shift estimate was found in the odML, this annotation
                        indicates the amount of time by which the signal was
                        shifted. I.e., adding this number to t_start will
                        result in the uncorrected, originally recorded time
                        axis.

                Spiketrain annotations:
                    unit_id (int):
                        ID of the unit from which the spikes were recorded.
                    channel_id (int):
                        Channel ID (Blackrock ID) from which the spikes were
                        loaded.
                    connector_aligned_id (int):
                        Connector-aligned channel ID from which the spikes were
                        loaded. This is a channel ID between 1 and 100 that is
                        related to the location of an electrode on the Utah
                        array and thus common across different arrays
                        (independent of the Blackrock channel ID). The ID
                        considers a top-view of the array with the connector
                        wires extruding to the right. Electrodes are then
                        numbered from bottom left to top right:

                        91 92 ... 99 100  \
                        81 82 ... 89  90   \
                        ...          ...    --- Connector Wires
                        11 12 ... 19  20   /
                         1  2 ...  9  10  /

                    electrode_reject_XXX (bool):
                        For different filter ranges XXX (as defined in the odML
                        file), if this variable is True it indicates whether
                        the spikes were recorded on an electrode that should be
                        rejected based on preprocessing analysis for removing
                        electrodes due to noise/artefacts in the respective
                        frequency range.
                    noise, mua, sua (bool):
                        True, if the unit is classified as a noise unit, i.e.,
                        not considered neural activity (noise), a multi-unit
                        (mua), or a single unit (sua).
                    SNR (float):
                        Signal to noise ratio of SUA/MUA waveforms. A higher
                        value indicates that the unit could be better
                        distinguished in the spike detection and spike sorting
                        procedure.
                    spike_duration (float):
                        Approximate duration of the spikes of SUAs/MUAs in
                        microseconds.
                    spike_amplitude (float):
                        Maximum amplitude of the spike waveform.
                    spike_count (int):
                        Number of spikes sorted into this unit.

                Event annotations:
                    The resulting Block contains three Event objects with the
                    following names:
                    'DigitalTrialEvents' contains all digitally recorded events
                        returned by BlackrockIO, annotated with semantic labels
                        in accordance with the reach-to-grasp experiment (e.g.,
                        'TS-ON').
                    'AnalogTrialEvents' contains events extracted from the
                        analog behavioral signals during preprocessing and
                        stored in the odML (e.g., 'OT').
                    'TrialEvents' contains all events of DigitalTrialEvents and
                        AnalogTrialEvents merged into a single Neo object.

                    Each annotation is a list containing one entry per time
                    point stored in the event.

                    trial_event_labels (list of str):
                        Name identifying the name of the event, e.g., 'TS-ON'.
                    trial_id (list of int):
                        Trial ID the event belongs to.
                    trial_timestamp_id (list of int):
                        Timestamp-based trial ID (equivalent to the time of TS-
                        ON of a trial) the event belongs to.
                    belongs_to_trialtype (str):
                        String identifying the trial type (e.g., SGHF) the
                        trial belongs to.
                    performance_in_trial (list of int):
                        Performance code of the trial that the event belongs
                        to. Compare to the performance_codes and
                        performance_str attributes of ReachGraspIO class
                        or corresponding Block annotations.
                    trial_reject_XXX:
                        For different filter ranges XXX (defined in the odML
                        file), if True this variable indicates whether the
                        trial was rejected based on preprocessing analysis.
        """
        if not name:
            name = 'Reachgrasp Recording Data Block'
        if not description:
            description = "Block of reach-to-grasp project data from Blackrock file set."

        if index is not None:
            warnings.warn('`index` is deprecated and will be replaced by `block_index`.')

        if nsx_to_load != 'none':
            warnings.warn('`nsx_to_load` is deprecated for `read_block`. '
                          'Specify `nsx_to_load when initializing the IO or use lazy loading.')
        if n_starts is not None:
            warnings.warn('`n_starts` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        if n_stops is not None:
            warnings.warn('`n_stops` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        if channels != range(1, 97):
            warnings.warn('`channels` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        if units != 'none':
            warnings.warn('`units` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        if load_events is not False:
            warnings.warn('`load_events` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        if scaling != 'raw':
            warnings.warn('`scaling` is deprecated.')

        if cascade is not True:
            warnings.warn('`cascade` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        # Load neo block
        bl = BlackrockIO.read_block(
            self, block_index=block_index, load_waveforms=load_waveforms, lazy=lazy, **kwargs)

        if name is not None:
            bl.name = name
        if description is not None:
            bl.description = description

        bl.annotate(conditions=[])
        for seg in bl.segments:
            if 'condition' in list(seg.annotations):
                bl.annotations['conditions'].append(seg.annotations['condition'])

        ch_dict = self.__create_channel_views(bl)
        self.__create_unit_groups(bl, ch_dict)

        if self.odmldoc:
            self.__annotate_block_with_odml(bl)
            self.__annotate_channel_infos(bl)
            self.__annotate_units_with_odml(bl.groups)

        # Add annotations for general performance codes and generic information
        bl.annotate(performance_str=self.performance_str)
        bl.annotate(performance_codes=self.performance_codes)
        bl.annotate(condition_str=self.condition_str)
        bl.annotate(event_labels_str=self.event_labels_str)
        bl.annotate(event_labels_codes=self.event_labels_codes)
        bl.annotate(trial_const_sequence_str=self.trial_const_sequence_str)
        bl.annotate(trial_const_sequence_codes=self.trial_const_sequence_codes)

        return bl

    def read_segment(
            self, block_index=0, seg_index=0, name=None, description=None, index=None,
            nsx_to_load='none', channels=range(1, 97), units='none',
            load_waveforms=False, load_events=False, scaling='raw',
            correct_filter_shifts=True, lazy=False, cascade=True, **kwargs):
        """
        Reads file contents as a Neo Block.

        The Block contains one Segment for each entry in zip(n_starts,
        n_stops). If these parameters are not specified, the default is
        to store all data in one Segment.

        The Block contains one ChannelIndex per channel.

        Args:
            n_start (Quantity): DEPRECATED
                Start time of maximum time range of signals contained in this
                segment. Deprecated, use lazy loading instead.
            n_stop (Quantity): DEPRECATED
                Stop time of maximum time range of signals contained in this
                segment. Deprecated, use lazy loading instead.
            name (None, string):
                If None, name is set to default, otherwise it is set to user
                input.
            description (None, string):
                If None, description is set to default, otherwise it is set to
                user input.
            index (None, int): DEPRECATED
                If not None, index of segment is set to user index.
                Deprecated, use `seg_index` instead.
            nsx_to_load (int, list, str):
                ID(s) of nsx file(s) from which to load data, e.g., if set to
                5 only data from the ns5 file are loaded. If 'none' or empty
                list, no nsx files and therefore no analog signals are loaded.
                If 'all', data from all available nsx are loaded.
            channels (int, list, str): DEPRECATED
                Channel id(s) from which to load data. If 'none' or empty list,
                no channels and therefore no analog signal or spiketrains are
                loaded. If 'all', all available channels are loaded.  By
                default, all neural channels (1-96) are loaded.
            units (int, list, str, dict): DEPRECATED
                ID(s) of unit(s) to load. If 'none' or empty list, no units and
                therefore no spiketrains are loaded. If 'all', all available
                units are loaded. If dict, the above can be specified
                individually for each channel (keys), e.g. {1: 5, 2: 'all'}
                loads unit 5 from channel 1 and all units from channel 2.
            load_waveforms (boolean):
                If True, waveforms are attached to all loaded spiketrains.
            load_events (boolean): DEPRECATED
                If True, all recorded events are loaded.
            scaling (str): DEPRECATED
                Determines whether time series of individual
                electrodes/channels are returned as AnalogSignals containing
                raw integer samples ('raw'), or scaled to arrays of floats
                representing voltage ('voltage'). Note that for file
                specification 2.1 and lower, the option 'voltage' requires a
                nev file to be present.
            correct_filter_shifts (bool):
                If True, shifts of the online-filtered neural signals (e.g.,
                ns2, channels 1-128) are corrected by time-shifting the signal
                by a heuristically determined estimate stored in the metadata,
                in the property EstimatedShift, under the path
                /Cerebus/NeuralSignalProcessor/NeuralSignals/Filter_nsX/
            lazy (boolean):
                If True, only the shape of the data is loaded.
            cascade (boolean): DEPRECATED
                If True, only the segment without children is returned.
            kwargs:
                Additional keyword arguments are forwarded to the BlackrockIO.

        Returns:
            Segment (neo.segment.Segment):
                Segment linking to all loaded Neo objects. See documentation of
                read_block() for a full list of annotations per Neo object.
        """

        if index is not None:
            warnings.warn('`index` is deprecated and will be replaced by `segment_index`.')

        if nsx_to_load != 'none':
            warnings.warn('`nsx_to_load` is deprecated for `read_block`. '
                          'Specify `nsx_to_load when initializing the IO or use lazy loading.')

        if channels != range(1, 97):
            warnings.warn('`channels` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        if units != 'none':
            warnings.warn('`units` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        if load_events is not False:
            warnings.warn('`load_events` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        if scaling != 'raw':
            warnings.warn('`scaling` is deprecated.')

        if cascade is not True:
            warnings.warn('`cascade` is deprecated. Use lazy loading instead.')

        # Load neo block
        seg = BlackrockIO.read_segment(
            self, block_index=block_index, seg_index=seg_index, load_waveforms=load_waveforms,
            lazy=lazy, **kwargs)

        if name is not None:
            seg.name = name
        if description is not None:
            seg.description = description

        # load data of all events and epochs
        for ev_idx, event in enumerate(seg.events):
            if hasattr(event, 'load'):
                seg.events[ev_idx] = event.load()
                seg.events[ev_idx].segment = seg
        for ep_idx, epoch in enumerate(seg.epochs):
            if hasattr(epoch, 'load'):
                seg.epochs[ep_idx] = epoch.load()
                seg.epochs[ep_idx].segment = seg

        for asig in seg.analogsignals:
            self.__annotate_analogsignals_with_odml(asig)
            if correct_filter_shifts:
                self.__correct_filter_shifts(asig)

        for st in seg.spiketrains:
            self.__annotate_electrode_rejections(st)


        for ev in seg.events:
            # Modify digital trial events to include semantic event information
            if ev.name == 'digital_input_port':
                self.__annotate_dig_trial_events(ev)
                self.__add_rejection_to_event(ev)

                cnd = self.__extract_task_condition(ev.array_annotations['belongs_to_trialtype'])
                seg.annotate(condition=cnd)

        # If digital trial events exist, extract analog events from odML
        # and create one common event array
        if len(seg.events) > 0 and self.odmldoc:
            analog_event = self.__extract_analog_events_from_odml(seg.t_start, seg.t_stop)
            self.__add_rejection_to_event(analog_event)
            seg.events.append(analog_event)

            merged_event = self.__merge_digital_analog_events(seg.events)
            self.__add_rejection_to_event(merged_event)
            seg.events.append(merged_event)

        return seg


if __name__ == '__main__':
    pass