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  19. <p>Results included in this manuscript come from preprocessing performed using <em>fMRIPrep</em> 20.1.1+79.g1a72777b (<span class="citation" data-cites="fmriprep1">Esteban, Markiewicz, et al. (2018)</span>; <span class="citation" data-cites="fmriprep2">Esteban, Blair, et al. (2018)</span>; RRID:SCR_016216), which is based on <em>Nipype</em> 1.5.0 (<span class="citation" data-cites="nipype1">Gorgolewski et al. (2011)</span>; <span class="citation" data-cites="nipype2">Gorgolewski et al. (2018)</span>; RRID:SCR_002502).</p>
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  21. <dt>Anatomical data preprocessing</dt>
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  22. <dd><p>A total of 2 T1-weighted (T1w) images were found within the input BIDS dataset. All of them were corrected for intensity non-uniformity (INU) with <code>N4BiasFieldCorrection</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="n4">(Tustison et al. 2010)</span>, distributed with ANTs 2.2.0 <span class="citation" data-cites="ants">(Avants et al. 2008, RRID:SCR_004757)</span>. The T1w-reference was then skull-stripped with a <em>Nipype</em> implementation of the <code>antsBrainExtraction.sh</code> workflow (from ANTs), using OASIS30ANTs as target template. Brain tissue segmentation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), white-matter (WM) and gray-matter (GM) was performed on the brain-extracted T1w using <code>fast</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="fsl_fast">(FSL 5.0.9, RRID:SCR_002823, Zhang, Brady, and Smith 2001)</span>. A T1w-reference map was computed after registration of 2 T1w images (after INU-correction) using <code>mri_robust_template</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="fs_template">(FreeSurfer 6.0.1, Reuter, Rosas, and Fischl 2010)</span>. Brain surfaces were reconstructed using <code>recon-all</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="fs_reconall">(FreeSurfer 6.0.1, RRID:SCR_001847, Dale, Fischl, and Sereno 1999)</span>, and the brain mask estimated previously was refined with a custom variation of the method to reconcile ANTs-derived and FreeSurfer-derived segmentations of the cortical gray-matter of Mindboggle <span class="citation" data-cites="mindboggle">(RRID:SCR_002438, Klein et al. 2017)</span>. Volume-based spatial normalization to two standard spaces (MNI152NLin2009cAsym, MNI152NLin6Asym) was performed through nonlinear registration with <code>antsRegistration</code> (ANTs 2.2.0), using brain-extracted versions of both T1w reference and the T1w template. The following templates were selected for spatial normalization: <em>ICBM 152 Nonlinear Asymmetrical template version 2009c</em> [<span class="citation" data-cites="mni152nlin2009casym">Fonov et al. (2009)</span>, RRID:SCR_008796; TemplateFlow ID: MNI152NLin2009cAsym], <em>FSL’s MNI ICBM 152 non-linear 6th Generation Asymmetric Average Brain Stereotaxic Registration Model</em> [<span class="citation" data-cites="mni152nlin6asym">Evans et al. (2012)</span>, RRID:SCR_002823; TemplateFlow ID: MNI152NLin6Asym],</p>
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  24. <dt>Functional data preprocessing</dt>
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  25. <dd><p>For each of the 10 BOLD runs found per subject (across all tasks and sessions), the following preprocessing was performed. First, a reference volume and its skull-stripped version were generated using a custom methodology of <em>fMRIPrep</em>. Susceptibility distortion correction (SDC) was omitted. The BOLD reference was then co-registered to the T1w reference using <code>bbregister</code> (FreeSurfer) which implements boundary-based registration <span class="citation" data-cites="bbr">(Greve and Fischl 2009)</span>. Co-registration was configured with six degrees of freedom. Head-motion parameters with respect to the BOLD reference (transformation matrices, and six corresponding rotation and translation parameters) are estimated before any spatiotemporal filtering using <code>mcflirt</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="mcflirt">(FSL 5.0.9, Jenkinson et al. 2002)</span>. BOLD runs were slice-time corrected using <code>3dTshift</code> from AFNI 20160207 <span class="citation" data-cites="afni">(Cox and Hyde 1997, RRID:SCR_005927)</span>. The BOLD time-series were resampled onto the following surfaces (FreeSurfer reconstruction nomenclature): <em>fsaverage</em>. The BOLD time-series (including slice-timing correction when applied) were resampled onto their original, native space by applying the transforms to correct for head-motion. These resampled BOLD time-series will be referred to as <em>preprocessed BOLD in original space</em>, or just <em>preprocessed BOLD</em>. <em>Grayordinates</em> files <span class="citation" data-cites="hcppipelines">(Glasser et al. 2013)</span> containing 91k samples were also generated using the highest-resolution <code>fsaverage</code> as intermediate standardized surface space. Automatic removal of motion artifacts using independent component analysis <span class="citation" data-cites="aroma">(ICA-AROMA, Pruim et al. 2015)</span> was performed on the <em>preprocessed BOLD on MNI space</em> time-series after removal of non-steady state volumes and spatial smoothing with an isotropic, Gaussian kernel of 6mm FWHM (full-width half-maximum). Corresponding “non-aggresively” denoised runs were produced after such smoothing. Additionally, the “aggressive” noise-regressors were collected and placed in the corresponding confounds file. Several confounding time-series were calculated based on the <em>preprocessed BOLD</em>: framewise displacement (FD), DVARS and three region-wise global signals. FD was computed using two formulations following Power (absolute sum of relative motions, <span class="citation" data-cites="power_fd_dvars">Power et al. (2014)</span>) and Jenkinson (relative root mean square displacement between affines, <span class="citation" data-cites="mcflirt">Jenkinson et al. (2002)</span>). FD and DVARS are calculated for each functional run, both using their implementations in <em>Nipype</em> <span class="citation" data-cites="power_fd_dvars">(following the definitions by Power et al. 2014)</span>. The three global signals are extracted within the CSF, the WM, and the whole-brain masks. Additionally, a set of physiological regressors were extracted to allow for component-based noise correction <span class="citation" data-cites="compcor">(<em>CompCor</em>, Behzadi et al. 2007)</span>. Principal components are estimated after high-pass filtering the <em>preprocessed BOLD</em> time-series (using a discrete cosine filter with 128s cut-off) for the two <em>CompCor</em> variants: temporal (tCompCor) and anatomical (aCompCor). tCompCor components are then calculated from the top 2% variable voxels within the brain mask. For aCompCor, three probabilistic masks (CSF, WM and combined CSF+WM) are generated in anatomical space. The implementation differs from that of Behzadi et al. in that instead of eroding the masks by 2 pixels on BOLD space, the aCompCor masks are subtracted a mask of pixels that likely contain a volume fraction of GM. This mask is obtained by dilating a GM mask extracted from the FreeSurfer’s <em>aseg</em> segmentation, and it ensures components are not extracted from voxels containing a minimal fraction of GM. Finally, these masks are resampled into BOLD space and binarized by thresholding at 0.99 (as in the original implementation). Components are also calculated separately within the WM and CSF masks. For each CompCor decomposition, the <em>k</em> components with the largest singular values are retained, such that the retained components’ time series are sufficient to explain 50 percent of variance across the nuisance mask (CSF, WM, combined, or temporal). The remaining components are dropped from consideration. The head-motion estimates calculated in the correction step were also placed within the corresponding confounds file. The confound time series derived from head motion estimates and global signals were expanded with the inclusion of temporal derivatives and quadratic terms for each <span class="citation" data-cites="confounds_satterthwaite_2013">(Satterthwaite et al. 2013)</span>. Frames that exceeded a threshold of 0.5 mm FD or 1.5 standardised DVARS were annotated as motion outliers. All resamplings can be performed with <em>a single interpolation step</em> by composing all the pertinent transformations (i.e. head-motion transform matrices, susceptibility distortion correction when available, and co-registrations to anatomical and output spaces). Gridded (volumetric) resamplings were performed using <code>antsApplyTransforms</code> (ANTs), configured with Lanczos interpolation to minimize the smoothing effects of other kernels <span class="citation" data-cites="lanczos">(Lanczos 1964)</span>. Non-gridded (surface) resamplings were performed using <code>mri_vol2surf</code> (FreeSurfer).</p>
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  28. <p>Many internal operations of <em>fMRIPrep</em> use <em>Nilearn</em> 0.6.2 <span class="citation" data-cites="nilearn">(Abraham et al. 2014, RRID:SCR_001362)</span>, mostly within the functional processing workflow. For more details of the pipeline, see <a href="https://fmriprep.readthedocs.io/en/latest/workflows.html" title="FMRIPrep&#39;s documentation">the section corresponding to workflows in <em>fMRIPrep</em>’s documentation</a>.</p>
    29. 

  29. <h3 id="copyright-waiver">Copyright Waiver</h3>
    30. 

  30. <p>The above boilerplate text was automatically generated by fMRIPrep with the express intention that users should copy and paste this text into their manuscripts <em>unchanged</em>. It is released under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0</a> license.</p>
    31. 

  31. <h3 id="references" class="unnumbered">References</h3>
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  32. <div id="refs" class="references">
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  33. <div id="ref-nilearn">
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  34. <p>Abraham, Alexandre, Fabian Pedregosa, Michael Eickenberg, Philippe Gervais, Andreas Mueller, Jean Kossaifi, Alexandre Gramfort, Bertrand Thirion, and Gael Varoquaux. 2014. “Machine Learning for Neuroimaging with Scikit-Learn.” <em>Frontiers in Neuroinformatics</em> 8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2014.00014" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2014.00014</a>.</p>
    35. 

  35. </div>
    36. 

  36. <div id="ref-ants">
    37. 

  37. <p>Avants, B.B., C.L. Epstein, M. Grossman, and J.C. Gee. 2008. “Symmetric Diffeomorphic Image Registration with Cross-Correlation: Evaluating Automated Labeling of Elderly and Neurodegenerative Brain.” <em>Medical Image Analysis</em> 12 (1): 26–41. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2007.06.004" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2007.06.004</a>.</p>
    38. 

  38. </div>
    39. 

  39. <div id="ref-compcor">
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  40. <p>Behzadi, Yashar, Khaled Restom, Joy Liau, and Thomas T. Liu. 2007. “A Component Based Noise Correction Method (CompCor) for BOLD and Perfusion Based fMRI.” <em>NeuroImage</em> 37 (1): 90–101. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042</a>.</p>
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  41. </div>
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  42. <div id="ref-afni">
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  43. <p>Cox, Robert W., and James S. Hyde. 1997. “Software Tools for Analysis and Visualization of fMRI Data.” <em>NMR in Biomedicine</em> 10 (4-5): 171–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199706/08)10:4/5&lt;171::AID-NBM453&gt;3.0.CO;2-L" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199706/08)10:4/5&lt;171::AID-NBM453&gt;3.0.CO;2-L</a>.</p>
    44. 

  44. </div>
    45. 

  45. <div id="ref-fs_reconall">
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  46. <p>Dale, Anders M., Bruce Fischl, and Martin I. Sereno. 1999. “Cortical Surface-Based Analysis: I. Segmentation and Surface Reconstruction.” <em>NeuroImage</em> 9 (2): 179–94. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1998.0395" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1998.0395</a>.</p>
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  47. </div>
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  48. <div id="ref-fmriprep2">
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  49. <p>Esteban, Oscar, Ross Blair, Christopher J. Markiewicz, Shoshana L. Berleant, Craig Moodie, Feilong Ma, Ayse Ilkay Isik, et al. 2018. “FMRIPrep.” <em>Software</em>. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.852659" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.852659</a>.</p>
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  50. </div>
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  51. <div id="ref-fmriprep1">
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  52. <p>Esteban, Oscar, Christopher Markiewicz, Ross W Blair, Craig Moodie, Ayse Ilkay Isik, Asier Erramuzpe Aliaga, James Kent, et al. 2018. “fMRIPrep: A Robust Preprocessing Pipeline for Functional MRI.” <em>Nature Methods</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0235-4" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0235-4</a>.</p>
    53. 

  53. </div>
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  54. <div id="ref-mni152nlin6asym">
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  55. <p>Evans, AC, AL Janke, DL Collins, and S Baillet. 2012. “Brain Templates and Atlases.” <em>NeuroImage</em> 62 (2): 911–22. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.024" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.024</a>.</p>
    56. 

  56. </div>
    57. 

  57. <div id="ref-mni152nlin2009casym">
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  58. <p>Fonov, VS, AC Evans, RC McKinstry, CR Almli, and DL Collins. 2009. “Unbiased Nonlinear Average Age-Appropriate Brain Templates from Birth to Adulthood.” <em>NeuroImage</em> 47, Supplement 1: S102. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(09)70884-5" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(09)70884-5</a>.</p>
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  59. </div>
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  60. <div id="ref-hcppipelines">
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  61. <p>Glasser, Matthew F., Stamatios N. Sotiropoulos, J. Anthony Wilson, Timothy S. Coalson, Bruce Fischl, Jesper L. Andersson, Junqian Xu, et al. 2013. “The Minimal Preprocessing Pipelines for the Human Connectome Project.” <em>NeuroImage</em>, Mapping the connectome, 80: 105–24. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127</a>.</p>
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  65. </div>
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  67. <p>Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J., Oscar Esteban, Christopher J. Markiewicz, Erik Ziegler, David Gage Ellis, Michael Philipp Notter, Dorota Jarecka, et al. 2018. “Nipype.” <em>Software</em>. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.596855" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.596855</a>.</p>
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  76. <p>Klein, Arno, Satrajit S. Ghosh, Forrest S. Bao, Joachim Giard, Yrjö Häme, Eliezer Stavsky, Noah Lee, et al. 2017. “Mindboggling Morphometry of Human Brains.” <em>PLOS Computational Biology</em> 13 (2): e1005350. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005350" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005350</a>.</p>
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  79. <p>Lanczos, C. 1964. “Evaluation of Noisy Data.” <em>Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Series B Numerical Analysis</em> 1 (1): 76–85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1137/0701007" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1137/0701007</a>.</p>
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  85. <p>Pruim, Raimon H. R., Maarten Mennes, Daan van Rooij, Alberto Llera, Jan K. Buitelaar, and Christian F. Beckmann. 2015. “ICA-AROMA: A Robust ICA-Based Strategy for Removing Motion Artifacts from fMRI Data.” <em>NeuroImage</em> 112 (Supplement C): 267–77. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.064" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.064</a>.</p>
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  94. <p>Tustison, N. J., B. B. Avants, P. A. Cook, Y. Zheng, A. Egan, P. A. Yushkevich, and J. C. Gee. 2010. “N4ITK: Improved N3 Bias Correction.” <em>IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging</em> 29 (6): 1310–20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2010.2046908" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2010.2046908</a>.</p>
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  97. <p>Zhang, Y., M. Brady, and S. Smith. 2001. “Segmentation of Brain MR Images Through a Hidden Markov Random Field Model and the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm.” <em>IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging</em> 20 (1): 45–57. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/42.906424" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1109/42.906424</a>.</p>
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