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  19. <p>Results included in this manuscript come from preprocessing performed using <em>fMRIPprep</em> 1.2.2 (<span class="citation" data-cites="fmriprep1">Esteban, Markiewicz, et al. (2018)</span>; <span class="citation" data-cites="fmriprep2">Esteban, Blair, et al. (2018)</span>; RRID:SCR_016216), which is based on <em>Nipype</em> 1.1.5 (<span class="citation" data-cites="nipype1">Gorgolewski et al. (2011)</span>; <span class="citation" data-cites="nipype2">Gorgolewski et al. (2018)</span>; RRID:SCR_002502).</p>
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  20. <dl>
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  21. <dt>Anatomical data preprocessing</dt>
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  22. <dd><p>A total of 2 T1-weighted (T1w) images were found within the input BIDS dataset. All of them were corrected for intensity non-uniformity (INU) using <code>N4BiasFieldCorrection</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="n4">(Tustison et al. 2010, ANTs 2.2.0)</span>. A T1w-reference map was computed after registration of 2 T1w images (after INU-correction) using <code>mri_robust_template</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="fs_template">(FreeSurfer 6.0.1, Reuter, Rosas, and Fischl 2010)</span>. The T1w-reference was then skull-stripped using <code>antsBrainExtraction.sh</code> (ANTs 2.2.0), using OASIS as target template. Brain surfaces were reconstructed using <code>recon-all</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="fs_reconall">(FreeSurfer 6.0.1, RRID:SCR_001847, Dale, Fischl, and Sereno 1999)</span>, and the brain mask estimated previously was refined with a custom variation of the method to reconcile ANTs-derived and FreeSurfer-derived segmentations of the cortical gray-matter of Mindboggle <span class="citation" data-cites="mindboggle">(RRID:SCR_002438, Klein et al. 2017)</span>. Spatial normalization to the ICBM 152 Nonlinear Asymmetrical template version 2009c <span class="citation" data-cites="mni">(Fonov et al. 2009, RRID:SCR_008796)</span> was performed through nonlinear registration with <code>antsRegistration</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="ants">(ANTs 2.2.0, RRID:SCR_004757, Avants et al. 2008)</span>, using brain-extracted versions of both T1w volume and template. Brain tissue segmentation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), white-matter (WM) and gray-matter (GM) was performed on the brain-extracted T1w using <code>fast</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="fsl_fast">(FSL 5.0.9, RRID:SCR_002823, Zhang, Brady, and Smith 2001)</span>.</p>
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  23. </dd>
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  24. <dt>Functional data preprocessing</dt>
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  25. <dd><p>For each of the 11 BOLD runs found per subject (across all tasks and sessions), the following preprocessing was performed. First, a reference volume and its skull-stripped version were generated using a custom methodology of <em>fMRIPrep</em>. A deformation field to correct for susceptibility distortions was estimated based on two echo-planar imaging (EPI) references with opposing phase-encoding directions, using <code>3dQwarp</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="afni">Cox and Hyde (1997)</span> (AFNI 20160207). Based on the estimated susceptibility distortion, an unwarped BOLD reference was calculated for a more accurate co-registration with the anatomical reference. The BOLD reference was then co-registered to the T1w reference using <code>bbregister</code> (FreeSurfer) which implements boundary-based registration <span class="citation" data-cites="bbr">(Greve and Fischl 2009)</span>. Co-registration was configured with nine degrees of freedom to account for distortions remaining in the BOLD reference. Head-motion parameters with respect to the BOLD reference (transformation matrices, and six corresponding rotation and translation parameters) are estimated before any spatiotemporal filtering using <code>mcflirt</code> <span class="citation" data-cites="mcflirt">(FSL 5.0.9, Jenkinson et al. 2002)</span>. BOLD runs were slice-time corrected using <code>3dTshift</code> from AFNI 20160207 <span class="citation" data-cites="afni">(Cox and Hyde 1997, RRID:SCR_005927)</span>. The BOLD time-series (including slice-timing correction when applied) were resampled onto their original, native space by applying a single, composite transform to correct for head-motion and susceptibility distortions. These resampled BOLD time-series will be referred to as <em>preprocessed BOLD in original space</em>, or just <em>preprocessed BOLD</em>. The BOLD time-series were resampled to MNI152NLin2009cAsym standard space, generating a <em>preprocessed BOLD run in MNI152NLin2009cAsym space</em>. First, a reference volume and its skull-stripped version were generated using a custom methodology of <em>fMRIPrep</em>. Several confounding time-series were calculated based on the <em>preprocessed BOLD</em>: framewise displacement (FD), DVARS and three region-wise global signals. FD and DVARS are calculated for each functional run, both using their implementations in <em>Nipype</em> <span class="citation" data-cites="power_fd_dvars">(following the definitions by Power et al. 2014)</span>. The three global signals are extracted within the CSF, the WM, and the whole-brain masks. Additionally, a set of physiological regressors were extracted to allow for component-based noise correction <span class="citation" data-cites="compcor">(<em>CompCor</em>, Behzadi et al. 2007)</span>. Principal components are estimated after high-pass filtering the <em>preprocessed BOLD</em> time-series (using a discrete cosine filter with 128s cut-off) for the two <em>CompCor</em> variants: temporal (tCompCor) and anatomical (aCompCor). Six tCompCor components are then calculated from the top 5% variable voxels within a mask covering the subcortical regions. This subcortical mask is obtained by heavily eroding the brain mask, which ensures it does not include cortical GM regions. For aCompCor, six components are calculated within the intersection of the aforementioned mask and the union of CSF and WM masks calculated in T1w space, after their projection to the native space of each functional run (using the inverse BOLD-to-T1w transformation). The head-motion estimates calculated in the correction step were also placed within the corresponding confounds file. The BOLD time-series, were resampled to surfaces on the following spaces: <em>fsnative</em>, <em>fsaverage</em>. All resamplings can be performed with <em>a single interpolation step</em> by composing all the pertinent transformations (i.e. head-motion transform matrices, susceptibility distortion correction when available, and co-registrations to anatomical and template spaces). Gridded (volumetric) resamplings were performed using <code>antsApplyTransforms</code> (ANTs), configured with Lanczos interpolation to minimize the smoothing effects of other kernels <span class="citation" data-cites="lanczos">(Lanczos 1964)</span>. Non-gridded (surface) resamplings were performed using <code>mri_vol2surf</code> (FreeSurfer).</p>
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  26. </dd>
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  27. </dl>
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  28. <p>Many internal operations of <em>fMRIPrep</em> use <em>Nilearn</em> 0.4.2 <span class="citation" data-cites="nilearn">(Abraham et al. 2014, RRID:SCR_001362)</span>, mostly within the functional processing workflow. For more details of the pipeline, see <a href="https://fmriprep.readthedocs.io/en/latest/workflows.html" title="FMRIPrep&#39;s documentation">the section corresponding to workflows in <em>fMRIPrep</em>’s documentation</a>.</p>
    29. 

  29. <h3 id="references" class="unnumbered">References</h3>
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  35. <p>Avants, B.B., C.L. Epstein, M. Grossman, and J.C. Gee. 2008. “Symmetric Diffeomorphic Image Registration with Cross-Correlation: Evaluating Automated Labeling of Elderly and Neurodegenerative Brain.” <em>Medical Image Analysis</em> 12 (1): 26–41. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2007.06.004" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2007.06.004</a>.</p>
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  38. <p>Behzadi, Yashar, Khaled Restom, Joy Liau, and Thomas T. Liu. 2007. “A Component Based Noise Correction Method (CompCor) for BOLD and Perfusion Based fMRI.” <em>NeuroImage</em> 37 (1): 90–101. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042</a>.</p>
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  41. <p>Cox, Robert W., and James S. Hyde. 1997. “Software Tools for Analysis and Visualization of fMRI Data.” <em>NMR in Biomedicine</em> 10 (4-5): 171–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199706/08)10:4/5&lt;171::AID-NBM453&gt;3.0.CO;2-L" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199706/08)10:4/5&lt;171::AID-NBM453&gt;3.0.CO;2-L</a>.</p>
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  44. <p>Dale, Anders M., Bruce Fischl, and Martin I. Sereno. 1999. “Cortical Surface-Based Analysis: I. Segmentation and Surface Reconstruction.” <em>NeuroImage</em> 9 (2): 179–94. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1998.0395" class="uri">https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1998.0395</a>.</p>
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